Cities, as major users of resources, are focal points for assuring a sustainable relationship between people and planet. Over half of the world’s population now lives in urban areas with urbanisation expected to increase further. Some 80 per cent of the world’s energy consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions is attributed to cities. Many cities will experience the damaging impacts of climate change, some of which are already happening. Strategies must therefore be devised in urban areas for climate change mitigation and adaptation which include the transition to renewable energy. These efforts must be aimed not only at reducing greenhouse gas emissions but also at making the city a better place to live in.
This section of the Future Policy website is intended to help policy makers, city planners and administartors, and other users to minimise urban climate impacts and to maximise the use of renewable energy in cities. The proposals follow a holistic approach which also takes other environmental and social aspects into account.
Specifically, the World Future Council proposes the adoption of a 100 per cent renewable energy target. To achieve this target, the WFC further recommends using six different sets of tools:
The website sets the theme of 100% renewable energy for cities in the wider concept of Regenerative Urbanisation. This primarily means one thing: To assure that cities develop a positive, restorative relationship to the ecosystems from which they draw resources for their sustenance beyond city boundaries. In this urbanising world, the challenge is no longer just to create sustainable cities but truly regenerative cities, i.e. they must be planned and managed not just to be energy and resource-efficient and low carbon emitting, but also to become aware of ecosystem services they receive from beyond their boundaries, and to compensate for the environmental damage and resource exploitation associated with urban consumption patterns.
For further information on regenerative cities follow the links below:
- Towards regenerative urbanisation
- Benefits of regenerative cities
- Cities' influence on climate change
In addition, this website presents a number of model cities which have taken action already. Click here to find an overview of various outstanding city concepts.
The information on this website is based on the the WFC/HCU booklet ‘100% Renewable Energy – and Beyond – for Cities’ by Prof. Peter Droege. Click here to download the booklet.
Regenerative Cities
In order to built a healthy relationship between cities and the ecosystems from which they draw resources for their sustenance, comprehensive political, financial and technological strategies must be developed. The WFC brochure"Regenerative Cities" by Herbert Girardet explains how these relationships can be built.
In an urbanising world, in which the consumption patterns of cities define human environmental impacts as never before, urban development needs to undergo a profound paradigm change. This means first and foremost that ways must be found for cities to minimise their systemic dependence on fossil fuels and the unsustainable use of resources. Whilst the renewable energy supply to cities is a crucially important issue, efforts to make them into fully regenerative systems need to go beyond that. The primary metaphor of relevance here is the ‘metabolism of cities’.
Like other organisms, cities have a definable metabolism. The metabolism of many modern cities is essentially linear, with resources flowing through the urban system without much concern about their origin, or about their final destination. Inputs and outputs are considered as largely unrelated. This is profoundly different from nature’s circular metabolism, where waste does not exist: every output by an organism is also an input which replenishes the whole living environment. Planners seeking to design regenerative urban systems should start by studying the ecology of natural systems. On a predominantly urban planet, cities will need to adopt circular metabolic systems to assure their own long-term viability as well as that of the rural environments on which they depend. Outputs will need to become inputs into the urban production system.
Any strategy for a resilient urbanising world should be based on the following elements:
Renewable energy
Renewable energy can be used to meet all energy demand in cities for electricity, heating and transport. Renewable energy sources can be found within the city, but in particular larger cities need to take advantage of resources from the metropolitan region or even further afield (‘energy subsidiarity').
- wind (wind turbines),
- solar energy (rooftop photovoltaic cells and solar thermal water heating),
- geo-thermal (ground source heat pumps),
- and biomass (burning organic waste, energy crops, wood or burning methane gas from sewage, landfill decomposition or manure from livestock farming).
Energy efficiency
Worldwide, hundreds of energy efficiency policies have been implemented and proven more or less successful. Despite these efforts over the last 15 years, energy consumption has still increased considerably. In order to reverse this trend, policy makers around the world must do more. They must adopt comprehensive policies which tackle market imperfections and consumer ignorance, and promote efficient technologies. There is no one-size-fits-all solution, instead cities, regions and countries have to compile a strong and equitable package of measures with regard to their economic, political and social situation to overcome barriers and imperfections.
Read more in our energy efficiency section.
Transport
More than 95 per cent of all global motorized movements depend on oil: whether it is cheap and extremely polluting bunker crude oil being burnt by the global shipping armada, or subsidized aviation kerosene keeping millions of travellers aloft. Our urban lifestyles have grown accustomed to relying on this untenable situation. Intra-urban mobility is another critical issue.
Today's call is for a 100 per cent renewable electricity based urban transport system. It is becoming clear that regionally supplied wind or solar energy can power urban public transit systems - note the success of Calgary's C-Train which is powered by Albertan wind farms.
The other approach is to find ways to supply vehicles with the renewable energy sourced locally – and the batteries of these vehicles can even be used as floating storage systems - for electricity peak shaving, for example. Electric and hybrid vehicle technology can greatly reduce urban air and noise pollution. In China’s cities a switch to electric bikes – and increasingly cars as well - has greatly reduced pollution and has cut energy costs by up to 80 to 90 per cent.
Circular waste management
The vision of a regenerative city incorporates a full circle of waste avoidance and re-use. If waste is produced it must be treated as a resource which can be used to create new products or generate energy. Products must be designed with a life cycle approach, taking their handling after the end of their initial uses into consideration. Recovering value and creating markets for the secondary products and energy become the basis for policy solutions. However, circular waste management and product design must, primarily, be regulated on national and even international level. The role of cities is focused on the development of a sustainable waste recycling programme which incorporates modern sorting processes, the erection of state of the art incineration, recycling and biogas plants.
Water management
Cities, directly and indirectly, use vast quantities of water which end up as waste water. Efficient water use has to be closely linked with the recycling and reuse of plant nutrients and carbon contained in waste water. A regenerative city will assure that these materials are returned to farmland growing food for cities in a closed nutrient cycle.
Urban food and agriculture
The issue of local food is one of the most commonly and enthusiastically embraced of all the issues around localisation. From British allotment gardening, to community supported agriculture, to Cuban urban agriculture, to Japanese rooftop gardens - there are more and more examples of intra-urban and peri-urban areas being transformed into productive food-growing land. Producing food locally, even in an urban environment, means shorter transport routes, and less processing and packaging. In the U.S., these parts of the value chain consume more than a third of all energy used for food production. Limiting these activities can substantially reduce the carbon footprint of each meal. In addition, urban food policies encourage consumption of nutritious food, provide food security and sovereignty. Members of the community can be become involved and jobs are created. Local agriculture projects create solidarity, cohesion and purpose among the communities, sustaining morale and building community pride.
Read more in our FuturePolicy.org agriculture and food section.
Biosequestration
Some industries or cities pride themselves on fostering carbon sink projects in far-away places such as Amazonia as attempts at 'offsetting' their fossil fuel sins – and many emissions trading schemes are based on this idea. But if a city offsets its greenhouse gas emissions in its own bioregion it has an extra reason to ensure that they are well managed. If a city establishes its own carbon sink it will ensure that its own regional ecosystems benefit. Whilst open space and waterway management, forestry and agriculture practices may all help to absorb carbon, only deliberate planning for biological carbon sequestration can really make a significant contribution. Using open space for urban gardens and forests, relocalising food supplies, wetland development and water management: all this can contribute to lowering a city's carbon footprint.
Benefits of a Regenerative City
Direct and indirect benefits of a transition to become a regenerative city include:
- climate change mitigation
- more efficient climate change adaptation
- reduction of local and global environmental and atmospheric pollution levels
- conservation of fresh water, minerals and biodiversity
- local energy and food security
- community cohesion
- improved health
- access to heat, electricity and transport fuel for all
- social empowerment
- better city climate
- potential for economic development and job creation.
Energy-intelligent building design and renewable energy supplies can support a leaner and healthier, but also more prosperous and equitable urban civilisation with millions of new jobs. Decentralised energy production will also make cities less vulnerable to increases in oil and gas prices and more resilient to natural disasters.
Because of the inherent potential for cities to generate and manage their own energy supplies, there is also great potential to liberate and internalise large financial flows – the enormous amounts of money currently exiting communities to fund oil exploration and processing, to sustain distant coal mines and uranium quarries, and to shore up the fragile balance sheets of nuclear power plants. By investing this monetary stream into local and regional renewable power systems instead, a huge amount of local economic value is captured.
Because of the inherent potential for cities to generate and manage their own energy supplies, there is also great potential to liberate and internalise large financial flows – the enormous amounts of money currently exiting communities to fund oil exploration and processing, to sustain distant coal mines and uranium quarries, and to shore up the fragile balance sheets of nuclear power plants. By investing this monetary stream into local and regional renewable power systems instead, a huge amount of local economic value is captured.
In the end, it is about cities becoming environmentally resilient, economically stable and more liveable for its citizens.
